Macrocycles composed of biphenylene and butadiyne units with antiaromatic character.

Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of π-conjugated macrocycles, with diameters over 2.4 nanometers, composed of biphenylene and butadiyne units. Specifically, biphenylene-2,7-diyl-butadiyne-1,4-diyl (BB) macrocycles were synthesized the intermolecular Hay coupling reaction of a 2,7-diethynylbiphenylene derivative. The BB macrocycles exhibited absorption bands extending up to ∼600 nm and emitted red luminescence. Moreover, scanning tunneling microscopy observations revealed that the BB macrocycles formed self-assembled molecular networks at the liquid-graphite interface, showing higher tunneling efficiency. The BB macrocycles exhibited high energy levels of the highest occupied molecular orbitals and narrow energy gaps due to the elongated π-electron conjugation through the biphenylene units. Theoretically predicted responses to an external magnetic field using quantum chemical calculations of BB macrocycle models revealed reinforced antiaromatic character at four-membered rings. The present information will advance the structural design and property tuning of macrocyclic compounds with antiaromatic character.