Genetic predisposition to immune dysregulation and extracellular matrix remodeling in cardiac arrhythmia reveals potential mediation by + macrophages.

INTRODUCTION

Cardiac arrhythmia frequently co-presents with structural abnormalities such as cardiomyopathy and myocardial fibrosis, creating a bidirectional relationship where electrical disturbances and structural remodeling exacerbate each other. Current genetic studies focus on ion channel variants, which explain part of the etiology. Molecular mechanisms underlying arrhythmias pathogenesis and its progression warrant further investigation.

METHODS

We performed whole-exome sequencing on 50 arrhythmia patients (21 females, 29 males), predominantly with early-onset disease (94% ≤ 35 years). We focused on exonic deleterious mutations that are rare in healthy populations. The identified recurrently mutated () genes were analyzed using protein-protein interaction networks and gene ontology enrichment for functional modules. These genomic insights were integrated with single-cell data (7 arrhythmias, 5 controls) to examine cell-type-specific gene expression changes, with particular focus on + macrophage states.

RESULTS

We identified 132 genes present in ≥30% of patients in our cohort, with significant functional module enrichment in immune regulation, tissue homeostasis, extracellular matrix, and vesicle transport pathways. Single-cell analysis of 37,675 cells revealed conserved transcriptional signatures across cell types, characterized by enhanced cytokine responses and pro-fibrogenic programs. We discovered genetic determinants potentially underlying + macrophage activation in arrhythmic hearts-a known mediator implicated in both inflammatory processes and fibrotic remodeling. Age-specific associations included mutations in very early-onset cases (≤20years; OR = 9.71 [2.38-47.74], <0.001), while gender-specific variants included ( = 0.017) exclusively in females. Additionally, mutations were associated with both relatively late onset (>20years; OR = 0.17 [0.04-0.68], = 0.009) and female predominance (OR = 3.41 [0.92-13.58], = 0.045).

CONCLUSION

Our exploratory analysis reveals how genetic variants may predispose arrhythmia patients to inflammatory and fibrotic processes. These findings may help guide future research into the molecular mechanisms underlying arrhythmia progression to structural heart disease and identify candidate pathways for therapeutic investigation.