Interplay between endocrine disorders and liver dysfunction: Mechanisms of damage and therapeutic approaches.

Endocrine disorders frequently lead to metabolic disturbances that significantly affect liver function. Understanding the complex interplay between hormonal imbalances and liver dysfunction is essential for advancing targeted therapeutic strategies. This comprehensive review explores the pathophysiological mechanisms linking major endocrine disorders to liver disease, with a focus on the roles of the thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, and sex hormones. Thyroid dysfunction is associated with alterations in liver enzyme levels and metabolic regulation, often resulting in hepatic steatosis or cholestasis. Hyperparathyroidism and consequent hypercalcemia have been linked to hepatic calcifications. Insulin resistance, both hepatic and peripheral, contributes to excessive lipid accumulation in the liver, exacerbating steatotic changes. Adrenal gland disorders, particularly in the setting of chronic liver disease, impair cortisol metabolism and may worsen hepatic injury. Additionally, sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone modulate the progression of liver fibrosis and influence the development of metabolic syndrome. The intricate relationship between endocrine and hepatic systems underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach in the management of liver disease. Addressing underlying hormonal disturbances may enhance patient outcomes and prevent further hepatic deterioration. Future research should prioritize integrative therapeutic strategies that concurrently target endocrine and liver dysfunction.