Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center of West China Hospital and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
Gynecology Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, No. 521, Xingnan Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511442, China.
Ageing Res Rev. 2024 Nov;101:102505. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102505. Epub 2024 Sep 21.
Menopause is an age-related change that persists for around one-third of a woman's life. Menopause increases the risk of metabolic illnesses such as diabetes, osteoporosis (OP), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Immune mediators (pro-inflammatory cytokines), such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-17, transforming growth factor (TGF), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), exacerbate the challenges of a woman undergoing menopause by causing inflammation and contributing to the development of these metabolic diseases in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, studies have shown that anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 receptor antagonists (IL-1Ra), IL-2, and IL-10 have a double-edged effect on diabetes and OP. Likewise, several interferon (IFN) members are double-edged swords in the OP. Therefore, addressing these immune mediators precisely may be an approach to improving the health of postmenopausal women. Hence, considering the significant changes in these cytokines, the present review focuses on the latest findings concerning the molecular mechanisms by which pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukins) impact postmenopausal women with diabetes, OP, and NAFLD. Furthermore, we comprehensively discuss the therapeutic approaches that identify cytokines as therapeutic targets, such as hormonal therapy, physical activities, natural inhibitors (drugs), and others. Finally, this review aims to provide valuable insights into the role of cytokines in postmenopausal women's diabetes, OP, and NAFLD. Deeply investigating the mechanisms and therapeutic interventions involved will address the characteristics of immune mediators (cytokines) and improve the management of these illnesses, thereby enhancing the general quality of life and health of the corresponding populations of women.
绝经是女性生命中约三分之一时间持续存在的与年龄相关的变化。绝经会增加代谢疾病的风险，如糖尿病、骨质疏松症（OP）和非酒精性脂肪肝疾病（NAFLD）。免疫介质（促炎细胞因子），如白细胞介素-1（IL-1）、IL-6、IL-17、转化生长因子（TGF）和肿瘤坏死因子（TNF），通过引起炎症并促进绝经后妇女发生这些代谢疾病，加剧了女性绝经的挑战。此外，研究表明，抗炎细胞因子，如白细胞介素-1 受体拮抗剂（IL-1Ra）、IL-2 和 IL-10，对糖尿病和 OP 具有双重作用。同样，几种干扰素（IFN）成员在 OP 中也是双刃剑。因此，精确针对这些免疫介质可能是改善绝经后妇女健康的一种方法。因此，考虑到这些细胞因子的显著变化，本综述重点关注促炎和抗炎细胞因子（白细胞介素）影响患有糖尿病、OP 和 NAFLD 的绝经后妇女的最新分子机制发现。此外，我们全面讨论了将细胞因子鉴定为治疗靶点的治疗方法，如激素治疗、体育活动、天然抑制剂（药物）等。最后，本综述旨在为细胞因子在绝经后妇女糖尿病、OP 和 NAFLD 中的作用提供有价值的见解。深入研究涉及的机制和治疗干预措施将解决免疫介质（细胞因子）的特征，并改善这些疾病的管理，从而提高相应女性人群的整体生活质量和健康水平。
