SERS technology in virus Detection: Advances, challenges, and future perspectives.

SERS has revolutionized viral detection with its high sensitivity and specificity. This review comprehensively explores the application progress, challenges, and future directions of SERS in viral detection. Firstly, the fundamental principles of SERS are introduced. Then, the application of label-free and label-based detection strategies is analyzed, with their respective advantages and limitations being weighed. A detailed discussion follows on the critical factors in label-free detection, such as the use of high-activity SERS substrates, specific capture methods, integration of machine learning, and sample pre-treatment. Subsequently, the review examines recent advances in label-based SERS viral detection, covering strategy design, recognition element selection and construction, sandwich assay development, and integration with cascade signal amplification approaches. Additionally, it introduces the research progress of SERS in practical applications like medical diagnosis, food safety, and environmental monitoring. Finally, the article pinpoints the challenges faced by SERS technology. These include establishing standardized processes, eliminating signal interference in complex samples, enhancing the stability and portability of instruments, standardizing substrate production, and strengthening interdisciplinary cooperation. The article also looks ahead to the important role of SERS in future viral detection. Overall, this review aims to offer researchers a panoramic view of the latest progress and future development of SERS in viral detection. It also provides a scientific basis and technical support for the development of rapid viral detection technologies.