Quantitative retinal morphology and mortality in individuals with proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a retrospective cohort study in a large real-world population.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate whether quantitative retinal markers, derived from multimodal retinal imaging, are associated with increased risk of mortality among individuals with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), the most severe form of diabetic retinopathy.

DESIGN

Longitudinal retrospective cohort analysis.

SETTING

This study was nested within the AlzEye cohort, which links longitudinal multimodal retinal imaging data routinely collected from a large tertiary ophthalmic institution in London, UK, with nationally held hospital admissions data across England.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 675 individuals (1129 eyes) with PDR were included from the AlzEye cohort. Participants were aged ≥40 years (mean age 57.3 years, SD 10.3), and 410 (60.7%) were male.

OUTCOME MEASURES

The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Quantitative retinal markers were derived from fundus photographs and optical coherence tomography using AutoMorph and Topcon Advanced Boundary Segmentation, respectively. We used unadjusted and adjusted Cox-proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for the association between retinal features and time to death.

RESULTS

After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, each 1-SD decrease in arterial fractal dimension (HR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.18 to 2.04), arterial vessel density (HR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.15 to 2.17), arterial average width (HR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.79), central retinal arteriolar equivalent (HR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.82) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness (HR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.03 to 2.50) was associated with increased mortality risk. When also adjusting for hypertension, arterial fractal dimension (HR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.92), arterial vessel density (HR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.05 to 2.08) and GC-IPL thickness (HR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.03 to 2.38) remained significantly associated with mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Several quantitative retinal markers, relating to both microvascular morphology and retinal neural thickness, are associated with increased mortality among individuals with PDR. The role of retinal imaging in identifying those individuals with PDR most at risk of imminent life-threatening sequelae warrants further investigation.