Zhang Weipeng, Guo Huili, Pang Weiqiang
Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2025 Aug 22;15(17):1295. doi: 10.3390/nano15171295.
Aluminum powder has the advantages of high calorific value, high density and convenient source, and is a commonly used metal fuel in the explosives and propellants industry. Nanometer aluminum powder (nAl) has higher reactivity and higher reaction completeness than micron aluminum powder (μAl), which can improve the energy performance of mixed explosives and the burning rate of propellant. However, nAl has some disadvantages, such as easy oxidation and deterioration of the preparation process, which seriously affect its application efficiency. In order to improve these shortcomings, suitable surface coating treatment is needed. The effects of surface coating on the characteristics of nAl and on the energy and safety of explosives are summarized in this paper. The results show that surface coating of nAl can not only improve the compatibility between nAl and energetic materials, reduce the hygroscopicity of energetic composites, mitigate the easy oxidation of nAl, and protect the preparation process, but also improve the energy performance of explosives and the burning rate of propellant, increase the reaction characteristics of energetic mixtures, and reduce the mechanical sensitivity of those mixtures. In addition, the surface coating modification of nAl can obviously reduce the agglomeration of condensed-phase combustion products, thus reducing the loss of propulsion efficiency caused by agglomeration. This study is expected to provide reference for the surface coating of nAl and its application in explosives.
铝粉具有热值高、密度大、来源便利等优点，是炸药和推进剂行业常用的金属燃料。纳米铝粉（nAl）比微米铝粉（μAl）具有更高的反应活性和更高的反应完全度，能够提高混合炸药的能量性能和推进剂的燃烧速率。然而，nAl存在一些缺点，如易氧化和制备工艺易劣化，严重影响其应用效率。为改善这些缺点，需要进行合适的表面包覆处理。本文总结了表面包覆对nAl特性以及对炸药能量和安全性的影响。结果表明，nAl的表面包覆不仅可以提高nAl与含能材料之间的相容性，降低含能复合材料的吸湿性，减轻nAl的易氧化问题，保护制备工艺，还能提高炸药的能量性能和推进剂的燃烧速率，增强含能混合物的反应特性，并降低这些混合物的机械感度。此外，nAl的表面包覆改性能够明显减少凝聚相燃烧产物的团聚，从而降低团聚导致的推进效率损失。本研究有望为nAl的表面包覆及其在炸药中的应用提供参考。
