Sublethal Doxorubicin Promotes Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis in A375 Melanoma Cells: Implications for Vesicle-Loaded TGF-β-Mediated Cancer Progression and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology.

Doxorubicin (Dox) is not a first-line treatment for melanoma due to limited antitumor efficacy and dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. However, sublethal doses may trigger adaptive cellular responses that influence tumor progression and systemic toxicity. Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key mediators of intercellular communication and can carry bioactive molecules that modulate both the tumor microenvironment and distant tissues. This study investigates how sublethal Dox exposure alters EV biogenesis and cargo in A375 melanoma cells and explores the potential implications for cardiovascular function. We treated human A375 melanoma cells with 10 nM dox for 96 h. EVs were isolated using differential ultracentrifugation and size exclusion chromatography. Vesicle characterization included Immunocytochemistry for CD63, CD81, CD9, Rab7 and TSG101, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), and Western blotting for CD81 and CytC. We analyzed cytokine content using cytokine membrane arrays. Guinea pig cardiomyocytes were exposed to the isolated vesicles, and mitochondrial activity was evaluated using the MTT assay. Statistical analysis included -tests, ANOVA, Cohen's , and R and η. Dox exposure significantly increased EV production (13.6-fold; = 0.000014) and shifted vesicle size distribution. CD81 expression was significantly upregulated ( = 0.0083), and SEM (microscopy) confirmed enhanced vesiculation. EVs from treated cells were enriched in TGF-β ( = 0.0134), VEGF, CXCL1, CXCL12, CCL5, IL-3, IL-4, IL-10, Galectin-3, and KITLG. Cardiomyocytes exposed to these vesicles showed a 2.3-fold reduction in mitochondrial activity ( = 0.0021), an effect absent when vesicles were removed. Bioinformatic analysis linked EV cargo to pathways involved in cardiac hypertrophy, inflammation, and fibrosis. As conclusion, sublethal Doxorubicin reprograms melanoma-derived EVs by enhancing their production and enriching their cargo with profibrotic and immunomodulatory mediators. These vesicles may contribute to tumor progression and cardiovascular physiopathology, suggesting that targeting EVs could improve therapeutic outcomes in cancer and cardiovascular disease.