Gut-Brain-Microbiome Axis in the Regulation of Cancer Immune Escape and Immunotherapy in Tumors.

Accumulating evidence demonstrates crosstalk involving the intestine and the brain, with the gut microbiota serving as a critical mediator of this interaction. The gut microbiota, along with its derived metabolites and bioactive compounds, modulates the immune microenvironment of brain tumors via the gut-brain axis, thereby influencing tumor initiation, progression, invasion, and metastasis. This review systematically summarizes the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying gut-brain axis modulation of brain tumors and examines emerging therapeutic approaches, including advances in immunotherapy and targeted therapy, that hold promise for future brain tumor treatment strategies.