Estrogen and Metabolism: Navigating Hormonal Transitions from Perimenopause to Postmenopause.

Estrogen is a key hormone that influences metabolism, health, and overall well-being throughout a woman's life. Its levels fluctuate across different reproductive stages: perimenopause, menopause, and postmenopause - each bringing unique physiological changes. During perimenopause, estrogen helps regulate insulin production, glucose metabolism, and fat distribution. However, as levels become unstable in this phase, women may experience increased insulin resistance, shifts in fat storage, and a greater risk of metabolic disorders such as diabetes. Given its widespread effects, proactive lifestyle interventions are essential. A balanced diet rich in phytoestrogens, regular physical activity, and maintaining a healthy body weight can help manage hormonal shifts. Advancing research in molecular endocrinology and personalized medicine offers the potential for targeted strategies that deepen our understanding of estrogen's tissue-specific effects. By personalizing interventions to individual hormonal transitions, we can improve women's health outcomes and quality of life.