Tillman Ilse, Maukonen Mirkka, Ruokolahti Anna M, Vepsäläinen Henna, Ray Carola, Rahkola Jenna, Roos Eva, Erkkola Maijaliisa, Lehto Reetta
Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
Eur J Nutr. 2025 Sep 18;64(6):279. doi: 10.1007/s00394-025-03800-z.
Chrononutrition, encompassing timing, frequency, and regularity of dietary intake, may affect metabolic health and chronic illness risk, making early dietary patterns crucial. This study aimed to explore potential determinants of chrononutrition among preschoolers.
The cross-sectional DAGIS study included 677 Finnish preschoolers aged 3-6. Data were collected through 3-day food records and 7-day actigraphy-measured sleep. ANCOVA and linear regression were used to analyze associations between potential determinants-chronotype, SES, parental work hours, age, and sex-and chrononutrition variables (timing of the first and last EOs, energy and eating midpoints, duration of the fasting window, morning and evening latency, and the number of EOs).
A later chronotype was associated with later timing for first and last EOs, eating and energy midpoints (p < 0.001), shorter morning (p = 0.002), and longer evening latency (p < 0.001). Children whose fathers worked regular hours had a longer fasting window compared to children whose fathers did not work (p = 0.03), and a longer morning latency compared to children whose fathers did shift work (p = 0.04). High SES was associated with later energy midpoint (p = 0.004). On weekdays children whose mothers worked regular hours had their first EO earlier compared to children whose mothers worked shifts (p = 0.006) and a shorter fasting window (p = 0.009). During weekend days boys had a longer morning latency compared to girls (p < 0.001), and children with morning (p = 0.006) and intermediate (p = 0.02) chronotypes had more EOs compared to evening chronotypes.
Chronotype was a key determinant of the timing of food intake in Finnish preschool-aged children, while sociodemographic factors had a less pronounced association.
时间营养学涵盖饮食摄入的时间、频率和规律，可能影响代谢健康和慢性病风险，因此早期饮食模式至关重要。本研究旨在探讨学龄前儿童时间营养学的潜在决定因素。
横断面DAGIS研究纳入了677名3至6岁的芬兰学龄前儿童。通过3天的食物记录和7天的活动记录仪测量睡眠来收集数据。采用协方差分析和线性回归分析潜在决定因素（生物钟类型、社会经济地位、父母工作时长、年龄和性别）与时间营养学变量（首次和末次进食时间、能量和进食中点、禁食窗口时长、早晨和晚上的延迟时间以及进食次数）之间的关联。
较晚的生物钟类型与首次和末次进食时间、进食和能量中点较晚相关（p < 0.001），早晨延迟时间较短（p = 0.002），晚上延迟时间较长（p < 0.001）。与父亲不工作的孩子相比，父亲工作时间规律的孩子禁食窗口更长（p = 0.03），与父亲从事轮班工作的孩子相比，早晨延迟时间更长（p = 0.04）。高社会经济地位与较晚的能量中点相关（p = 0.004）。在工作日，与母亲从事轮班工作的孩子相比，母亲工作时间规律的孩子首次进食时间更早（p = 0.006），禁食窗口更短（p = 0.009）。在周末，男孩的早晨延迟时间比女孩长（p < 0.001），与夜晚型生物钟的孩子相比，早晨型（p = 0.006）和中间型（p = 0.02）生物钟的孩子进食次数更多。
生物钟类型是芬兰学龄前儿童食物摄入时间的关键决定因素，而社会人口学因素的关联不太明显。
