Castanheira Pedro de S, Dimitrov Dimitar, Baptista Renner L C, Scharff Nikolaj, Framenau Volker W
Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; and Laboratório de Diversidade de Aracnídeos, Universidade do Brasil-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, Postboks 7800, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway.
Invertebr Syst. 2025 Jul;39. doi: 10.1071/IS25009.
We revised the orb-weaving spider genus Carepalxis L. Koch, 1872 and tested its monophyly using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference phylogenetic analyses, comparing our results to a previously published family-level dataset on world-wide Araneidae. We studied the placement of the genus and the classification of the informally termed clade 'backobourkiines' using phylogenetic analyses based on two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI ) and 16S rRNA (16S ), and two nuclear genes, 28S rRNA (28S ) and 18S rRNA (18S ). Approximately 12,000 araneid records (vials) from major Australian and overseas collections were examined during our taxonomic revision. All phylogenetic analyses supported a monophyletic 'backobourkiines' clade, but found a polyphyletic Carepalxis , with its Australasian representatives being part of the 'backobourkiines' and the Neotropical species being related to the Neotropical Ocrepeira Marx, 1883. Consequently, the genus was revised to include seven endemic Australian species, Carepalxis montifera L. Koch, 1872 (type species), C. bilobata Keyserling, 1886, C. ferreirasousai sp. nov. , C. kolla sp. nov. , C. megalostylus sp. nov. , C. tholos sp. nov. and C. tuberculata Keyserling, 1886 (=C. furcifera (Keyserling, 1886) syn. nov. ), in addition to C. beelzebub (van Hasselt, 1873) (=C. suberosa Thorell, 1881 syn. nov. = C. tuberculifera (Thorell, 1881) comb. nov. , syn. nov. = C. tricuspidata Chrysanthus, 1961 syn. nov. ), which is present in Australia, Indonesia (West Papua) and Papua New Guinea. The following new combinations for Neotropical species previously placed in Carepalxis were proposed: Ocrepeira camelus (Simon, 1895) comb. nov. , Ocrepeira gibbosa (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889) comb. nov. , Ocrepeira perpera (Petrunkevitch, 1911) comb. nov. , Ocrepeira quasimodo (Ferreira-Sousa & Motta, 2022) comb. nov. , and Ocrepeira topazio (Ferreira-Sousa & Motta, 2022) comb. nov. Within the backobourkiines, Carepalxis can be recognised by the presence of two cephalic humps in females and two enlarged megaspines apically on tibia II of males (both here considered synapomorphies of the genus), an anteriorly elevated abdomen usually with numerous tubercles, humps or sigilla in addition to the humeral humps, an elongated male pedipalp median apophysis bearing a small projection, and a female epigyne with broad lateral lobes, and, whenever present, conspicuous transverse slits instead of baso-lateral flaps. ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4F888132-4EE9-417F-9A82-7F9C470C9FB3.
我们修订了圆蛛科的卡尔帕克斯蛛属（Carpalxis L. Koch，1872），并使用最大似然法和贝叶斯推断系统发育分析来检验其单系性，将我们的结果与之前发表的关于全球园蛛科的科级数据集进行比较。我们基于两个线粒体基因，即细胞色素c氧化酶亚基1（COI）和16S核糖体RNA（16S），以及两个核基因，即28S核糖体RNA（28S）和18S核糖体RNA（18S），通过系统发育分析研究了该属的位置以及非正式命名的“backobourkiines”分支的分类。在我们的分类修订过程中，检查了来自澳大利亚主要和海外收藏的约12,000条园蛛科记录（标本瓶）。所有系统发育分析都支持“backobourkiines”分支是单系的，但发现卡尔帕克斯蛛属是多系的，其澳大拉西亚代表是“backobourkiines”的一部分，而新热带物种与新热带的奥克雷佩拉蛛属（Ocrepeira Marx，1883）相关。因此，该属被修订为包括七种澳大利亚特有物种，即卡尔帕克斯蛛（Carpalxis montifera L. Koch，1872）（模式种）、双叶卡尔帕克斯蛛（C. bilobata Keyserling，1886）、费雷拉 - 苏萨卡尔帕克斯蛛（C. ferreirasousai sp. nov.）、科拉卡尔帕克斯蛛（C. kolla sp. nov.）、巨柱卡尔帕克斯蛛（C. megalostylus sp. nov.）、托洛斯卡尔帕克斯蛛（C. tholos sp. nov.）和瘤状卡尔帕克斯蛛（C. tuberculata Keyserling，1886）（=叉状卡尔帕克斯蛛（C. furcifera (Keyserling, 1886) syn. nov.）），此外还有贝希摩斯卡尔帕克斯蛛（C. beelzebub (van Hasselt, 1873)）（= 苏贝罗萨卡尔帕克斯蛛（C. suberosa Thorell, 1881 syn. nov.） = 瘤状卡尔帕克斯蛛（C. tuberculifera (Thorell, 1881) comb. nov., syn. nov.） = 三尖瓣卡尔帕克斯蛛（C. tricuspidata Chrysanthus, 1961 syn. nov.）），它分布于澳大利亚、印度尼西亚（西巴布亚）和巴布亚新几内亚。对于先前置于卡尔帕克斯蛛属的新热带物种，提出了以下新组合：骆驼奥克雷佩拉蛛（Ocrepeira camelus (Simon, 1895) comb. nov.）、驼背奥克雷佩拉蛛（O. gibbosa (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889) comb. nov.）、佩佩拉奥克雷佩拉蛛（O. perpera (Petrunkevitch, 1911) comb. nov.）、卡西莫多奥克雷佩拉蛛（O. quasimodo (Ferreira-Sousa & Motta, 2022) comb. nov.）和托帕齐奥奥克雷佩拉蛛（O. topazio (Ferreira-Sousa & Motta, 2022) comb. nov.）。在“backobourkiines”内，卡尔帕克斯蛛属可通过以下特征识别：雌性有两个头部隆起，雄性第二胫节顶端有两个扩大的大刺（此处均被视为该属的共衍征）；腹部前端隆起，除肩峰外通常还有许多瘤、隆起或印记；雄性触肢器的中突细长，带有一个小突起；雌性外雌器有宽阔的侧叶，并且只要存在，就有明显的横向裂缝而不是基部外侧瓣。动物学数据库：urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4F888132-4EE9-417F-9A82-7F9C470C9FB3。
