Haag Emily L, Weyand Peter G
Locomotor Performance Laboratory, Department of Applied Health Sciences, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
Locomotor Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
R Soc Open Sci. 2025 Sep 24;12(9):241920. doi: 10.1098/rsos.241920. eCollection 2025 Sep.
Performance differences between males and females are substantially greater when humans jump for maximal height versus distance. We postulated that the lower muscle mass/body mass fractions of females would cause sex differences in performance to increase as jump take-off angle and the force required to elevate body mass against gravity (force/body weight) increased. We tested this idea using triple jump (TJ), long jump (LJ) and high jump (HJ) data from World Athletics best-performers lists ( = 40 per sex) and countermovement jump (CMJ) data acquired from collegiate athletes ( = 19 per sex) jumping from force platforms. Across the four jumps, the more vertically oriented the take-off angle (θ), the greater the sex difference observed [range: 17.4-42.1% from TJ to CMJ; regression equation: %Diff = 26.9 (sinθ) + 14.2, = 0.98]. For the strictly vertical CMJ, between-sex differences in jump height (∆ = 42.1%) were eight times larger than the differences in ground-phase force application (∆force/body mass = 5.1%). We conclude that (i) small differences in mass-specific ground force application result in much larger differences in performance for more vertically oriented and gravity-opposed jumps, and (ii) lower muscle mass/body mass fractions require females to use more of their available force to offset gravity, thereby leaving them with less remaining force to elevate body mass.
当人类进行跳高和跳远时，男性和女性之间的成绩差异要大得多。我们推测，女性较低的肌肉质量/体重比会导致随着起跳角度和克服重力提升体重所需的力（力/体重）增加，性别之间的成绩差异也会增大。我们使用世界田径最佳成绩榜单中的三级跳远（TJ）、跳远（LJ）和跳高（HJ）数据（每种性别40例）以及从大学运动员在测力平台上进行的纵跳（CMJ）数据（每种性别19例）来验证这一观点。在这四项跳跃中，起跳角度（θ）越垂直，观察到的性别差异就越大[范围：从三级跳远到纵跳为17.4 - 42.1%；回归方程：%Diff = 26.9 (sinθ) + 14.2，R² = 0.98]。对于严格垂直的纵跳，跳跃高度的性别差异（∆ = 42.1%）比地面阶段力施加的差异（∆力/体重 = 5.1%）大八倍。我们得出结论：（i）在特定质量的地面力施加方面的微小差异，会导致在更垂直且与重力相反的跳跃中成绩差异大得多；（ii）较低的肌肉质量/体重比要求女性使用更多可用力来抵消重力，从而使她们用于提升体重的剩余力减少。
