Locomotor Performance Laboratory, Department of Applied Physiology & Wellness, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2022 Oct 1;133(4):876-885. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00359.2022. Epub 2022 Aug 18.
Human, but not canine or equine running performance, is significantly stratified by sex. The degree of stratification has obvious implications for classification and regulation in athletics. However, whether the widely cited sex difference of 10%-12% applies equally to sprint and endurance running events is unknown. Here, different determining factors for sprint (ground force/body mass) versus endurance performance (energy supply and demand) and existing trends, led us to hypothesize that sex performance differences for sprint running would increase with distance and be relatively small. We quantified sex performance differences using: ) the race times of the world's fastest males and females ( = 40 each) over a 15-year period (2003-2018) at nine standard racing distances (60-10,000 m), and ) the 10-m segment times of male ( = 14) and female ( = 12) athletes in World Championship 100-m finals. Between-sex performance time differences increased with sprint event distance (60 m-8.6%, 100 m-9.6%, 200 m-11.0%, 400 m-11.7%) and were smaller than the relatively constant mean (12.4 ± 0.3%) observed across the five longer events from 800 to 10,000 m. Between-sex time differences for the 10-m segments within the 100-m dash event increased throughout spanning 5.6%-14.2% from the first to last segment. We conclude that sex differences in sprint running performance increase with race and running distance. Sex performance differences for sprint running bursts are small (<6%), but widen as the distance sprinted increases (range: 5.6%-14.2%). The distance dependency identified here for sprinting differs from the prevailing literature view of between-sex performance differences for the human running of 10%-12% regardless of distance. The variable sprint margins observed reflect the relative performance benefits shorter females have for brief, acceleration-dependent efforts versus those taller males have for longer steadier-speed sprint efforts.
人类的跑步表现，尤其是在性别方面，与犬类或马类有显著的区别。这种分层程度对田径运动的分类和管理有着明显的影响。然而，目前还不清楚广为引用的 10%-12%的性别差异是否同样适用于短跑和耐力跑步项目。在这里，我们假设短跑（地面力/体重）和耐力表现（能量供应和需求）的不同决定因素以及现有的趋势，表明短跑的性别表现差异随着距离的增加而增加，并且相对较小。我们使用以下方法来量化性别表现差异：）在 15 年期间（2003-2018 年），对世界上最快的男性和女性（各有 40 人）在 9 个标准比赛距离（60-10000 米）上的比赛时间进行量化；）在世界锦标赛 100 米决赛中，男性（n=14）和女性（n=12）运动员的 10 米分段时间。性别之间的表现时间差异随着短跑项目的距离而增加（60 米-8.6%，100 米-9.6%，200 米-11.0%，400 米-11.7%），并且小于从 800 米到 10000 米的五个较长项目中观察到的相对恒定的平均值（12.4±0.3%）。在 100 米短跑比赛中，10 米分段之间的性别时间差异在第一到最后一段之间增加了 5.6%-14.2%。我们得出的结论是，短跑表现的性别差异随着比赛和跑步距离的增加而增加。短跑爆发的性别表现差异较小（<6%），但随着跑步距离的增加而扩大（范围：5.6%-14.2%）。这里确定的短跑距离依赖性与普遍存在的文献观点不同，该观点认为，无论距离如何，人类跑步的性别表现差异为 10%-12%。观察到的可变短跑差距反映了女性在短暂、依赖加速度的努力方面相对于男性在更长、更稳定速度的短跑努力方面的相对表现优势。
