Yuan Fangfeng, Bluth Martin H
Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Blood Transfusion and Donor Services, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11219, USA.
Vaccines (Basel). 2025 Sep 17;13(9):979. doi: 10.3390/vaccines13090979.
The development of viral vaccines faces persistent scientific and logistical challenges, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. This review critically examines emerging strategies to overcome key barriers in viral vaccine design and deployment. We focus on four major areas: (1) structure-guided antigen engineering to stabilize conformations; (2) the mRNA platform and its delivery system; (3) advanced adjuvant systems that enhance cellular and humoral immunity; and (4) approaches to mitigate immune imprinting and antigenic variability, such as chimeric antigens and glycan shielding. We also explore anti-idiotypic vaccination strategies and the limitations of current animal models in predicting human immune responses. In addition, to address vaccine hesitancy and inequitable access, we advocate for global collaboration in manufacturing, distribution, and public education to ensure inclusive immunization strategies. By integrating molecular insights with platform technologies, we aim to inform the rational design of future vaccines with improved efficacy and public acceptance.
病毒疫苗的研发面临着持续的科学和后勤挑战，尤其是在新冠疫情之后。本综述批判性地审视了克服病毒疫苗设计和部署中关键障碍的新兴策略。我们关注四个主要领域：（1）结构导向的抗原工程以稳定构象；（2）mRNA平台及其递送系统；（3）增强细胞免疫和体液免疫的先进佐剂系统；（4）减轻免疫印记和抗原变异性的方法，如嵌合抗原和聚糖屏蔽。我们还探讨了抗独特型疫苗接种策略以及当前动物模型在预测人类免疫反应方面的局限性。此外，为了解决疫苗犹豫和不公平获取问题，我们倡导在生产、分发和公众教育方面进行全球合作，以确保包容性的免疫策略。通过将分子见解与平台技术相结合，我们旨在为未来具有更高疗效和公众接受度的疫苗的合理设计提供信息。
