Thiyagarajulu Nathiya, Kamaraj Chinnaperumal, Deepak Paramasivam, Angeline M Sonia, Akkara Priya Josson, Aranganathan L, Marunganathan Vanitha, Alhegaili Alaa S, Guru Ajay
Department of Life Sciences, School of Biological and Forensic Sciences, Kristu Jayanti (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka 560077 India.
Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203 India.
3 Biotech. 2025 Nov;15(11):370. doi: 10.1007/s13205-025-04531-y. Epub 2025 Oct 4.
A green and sustainable approach was employed to synthesize reduced graphene oxide (MCrGO) using leaf extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The successful transformation of GO to MCrGO was confirmed through comprehensive spectroscopic and microscopic analyses. Raman spectroscopy exhibited slight shifts in the D and G bands, with an increase in the intensity ratio of D-band to G-band (I/I) ratio from 0.91 (GO) to 0.92 (MCrGO), suggesting enhanced structural disorder typically associated with effective reduction. Additionally, Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis revealed a marginal increase in the carbon/oxygen (C/O) atomic ratio from 3.49 (GO) to 3.53 (MCrGO), indicating efficient deoxygenation. Transmission Electron Microscopy images demonstrated the presence of ultra-thin, monolayered MCrGO nanosheets with characteristic wrinkles and corrugations, confirming morphological refinement. The biofunctional efficacy of MCrGO was evaluated through in vitro assays. MCrGO exhibited superior antioxidant activity with a maximum DPPH radical scavenging rate of 71.92% at 100 µg/mL, compared to GO. Antibacterial analysis showed significant inhibition zones against G + ve: B (19.3 ± 0.7 mm) and G-ve: (15.5 ± 0.3 mm) at 100 µg/mL, indicating potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Cytotoxicity assays on A549 lung cancer cells have shown 54.62 ± 1.6% cell viability reduction compared to 72.84 ± 1.58% by GO at 500 µg/mL. The enhanced biological performance of MCrGO is attributed to the presence of phytoconstituents, including phenols and flavonoids, embedded during the bioreduction process. These findings highlight the potential of -mediated MCrGO for applications in therapeutics and biomedicine.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-025-04531-y.
