Tesfaye Adehanom Baraki, Werid Geberemeskel Mamu, Tao Zhengyu, You Liuchao, Han Rui, Zhu Jiayao, Fu Lei, Chu Yuefeng
State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China.
Vaccines (Basel). 2025 Oct 7;13(10):1034. doi: 10.3390/vaccines13101034.
is a Gram-negative bacterium causing significant livestock diseases, like fowl cholera and hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle, and wound infection in humans. Classified into four subspecies and five capsular serotypes, it possesses multiple virulence factors, including capsular polysaccharides (CPSs), lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), outer membrane proteins (OMPs), iron acquisition proteins, and toxins that serve as vaccine targets. Antimicrobial treatment is challenging, so vaccination is key. Commercial vaccines include killed and live attenuated types, which are commonly used, though they have intrinsic problems. Advanced vaccines like recombinant subunit and DNA vaccines are emerging. Subunit vaccines targeting OMPs ( and and recombinant toxin (rPMT) show high efficacy in animal models, and their recombinant proteins induce strong immune responses. DNA vaccines have promise but limited use. The challenges in vaccine development are the strain diversity, short-term immunity, and inconsistent cross-protection. There is also a lack of research on recombinant and subunit vaccine development for small ruminants. Future research should focus on multivalent vaccines, optimization, including improving adjuvants and optimizing DNA vaccine delivery.
是一种革兰氏阴性细菌，可导致严重的家畜疾病，如禽霍乱和牛的出血性败血症，以及人类伤口感染。它分为四个亚种和五个荚膜血清型，拥有多种毒力因子，包括荚膜多糖（CPSs）、脂多糖（LPSs）、外膜蛋白（OMPs）、铁摄取蛋白和毒素，这些都是疫苗的靶点。抗菌治疗具有挑战性，因此疫苗接种是关键。商业疫苗包括灭活疫苗和减毒活疫苗，虽然它们存在固有问题，但仍被广泛使用。重组亚单位疫苗和DNA疫苗等先进疫苗正在兴起。针对OMPs（以及重组毒素（rPMT）的亚单位疫苗在动物模型中显示出高效性，其重组蛋白可诱导强烈的免疫反应。DNA疫苗有前景但应用有限。疫苗开发面临的挑战包括菌株多样性、短期免疫和交叉保护不一致。此外，针对小型反刍动物的重组疫苗和亚单位疫苗开发研究也很缺乏。未来的研究应集中在多价疫苗、优化方面，包括改进佐剂和优化DNA疫苗递送。
