Esmaeili Ali, Jafarnezhadgero AmirAli, Mousavi Seyed Hamed, Granacher Urs
Department of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Science and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
Department of Sport Injuries and Biomechanics, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Sports Med Open. 2025 Nov 21;11(1):135. doi: 10.1186/s40798-025-00949-z.
There is controversy in the literature with regards to the short-term effects of wearing footwear with motion control features on running mechanics and whether commercially available footwear with motion control features has extra benefits compared with non-commercially available motion control footwear. In this systematic review with meta-analysis, we investigated the effects of wearing commercially available and non-commercially available footwear with motion control features versus standard shoes applied during one experimental session on lower limb joint angles and moments during running in adults.
Five electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, EMBASE, PEDro, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials [CENTRAL]) were systematically searched for articles potentially eligible for inclusion from inception until September 2025. Footwear with motion control features were classified into commercially available motion control footwear without additional modifications (shoes with dual midsole material) versus non-commercially available footwear incorporating self-manufactured motion control features (shoes with heel flare or wedge). The main difference between these shoe types is how they control foot pronation. The control condition comprised standard (neutral) shoes. The outcome parameters were lower limb kinematics (e.g., peak rearfoot eversion) and kinetics (e.g., peak ankle inversion moment) during running. The modified version of the Downs and Black checklist was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. Within and between-group standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed using a random-effects model to elucidate the effects of (i) wearing footwear with motion control features (both commercially available motion control shoes and non commercially available footwear with motion control features) compared to standard shoes (total effects) and (ii) commercially available motion control footwear without additional modifications versus non-commercially available footwear incorporating self-manufactured motion control features (subgroup analysis).
The systematic search revealed 11,623 hits and finally 18 studies were eligible for inclusion of which 14 were used for quantitative analyses. We observed significant total effects of wearing footwear with motion control features versus standard shoes during running on the peak rearfoot eversion angle (six studies; SMDs = - 0.87, 95% CI - 1.38 to - 0.35, p = 0.001, I = 66%) and the peak knee internal rotation angle (four studies; small SMDs = - 0.30, 95% CI - 2.58 to - 0.0, p = 0.05, I = 0%). The subgroup analyses revealed significantly lower peak rearfoot eversion in commercially available motion control footwear versus non-commercially available footwear incorporating self-manufactured motion control features (five studies SMDs = - 0.69, 95% CI - 1.19, - 0.18, p = 0.008, I = 50%). The included studies were rated as moderate methodological quality.
This study revealed that wearing footwear with motion control features versus standard shoes has the potential to control rearfoot eversion and proximal segment motion in adults. The findings showed that wearing commercially available footwear with motion control features has extra benefits compared with non-commercially available motion control footwear. The observed findings for peak rearfoot eversion angle were statistically significant and clinically relevant. Nevertheless, more high-quality research is needed to elucidate the effects of footwear with motion control features application on running kinematics and kinetics as well as lower limb muscular activation.
关于穿着具有运动控制功能的鞋类对跑步力学的短期影响，以及市售的具有运动控制功能的鞋类与非市售的运动控制鞋类相比是否具有额外益处，文献中存在争议。在这项带有荟萃分析的系统评价中，我们研究了在一次实验过程中，穿着市售和非市售的具有运动控制功能的鞋类与标准鞋类相比，对成年人跑步时下肢关节角度和力矩的影响。
系统检索了五个电子数据库（Scopus、PubMed、EMBASE、PEDro、Cochrane对照试验中央注册库[CENTRAL]），以查找从数据库建立至2025年9月可能符合纳入标准的文章。具有运动控制功能的鞋类被分为未经额外改装的市售运动控制鞋类（具有双重中底材料的鞋子）和包含自行制造的运动控制功能的非市售鞋类（具有后跟扩口或楔形的鞋子）。这些鞋类类型之间的主要区别在于它们控制足内翻的方式。对照条件包括标准（中性）鞋类。结局参数为跑步过程中的下肢运动学（如后足外翻峰值）和动力学（如踝关节内翻力矩峰值）。采用Downs和Black清单的修改版来评估纳入研究的方法学质量。使用随机效应模型计算组内和组间标准化均数差值（SMD）及其95%置信区间（CI），以阐明以下影响：（i）与标准鞋类相比，穿着具有运动控制功能的鞋类（包括市售运动控制鞋和具有运动控制功能的非市售鞋类）的总体效应；（ii）未经额外改装的市售运动控制鞋类与包含自行制造的运动控制功能的非市售鞋类的亚组分析。
系统检索共获得11,623条记录，最终18项研究符合纳入标准，其中14项用于定量分析。我们观察到，与标准鞋类相比，跑步时穿着具有运动控制功能的鞋类对后足外翻峰值角度有显著的总体效应（六项研究；SMD = - 0.87，95% CI - 1.38至 - 0.35，p = 0.001，I = 66%）以及对膝关节内旋峰值角度有显著的总体效应（四项研究；小SMD = - 0.30，95% CI - 2.58至 - 0.0，p = 0.05，I = 0%）。亚组分析显示，与包含自行制造的运动控制功能的非市售鞋类相比，市售运动控制鞋类的后足外翻峰值显著更低（五项研究；SMD = - 0.69，95% CI - 1.19， - 0.18，p = 0.008，I = 50%）。纳入研究的方法学质量被评为中等。
本研究表明，与标准鞋类相比，穿着具有运动控制功能的鞋类有可能控制成年人的后足外翻和近端节段运动。研究结果表明，与非市售的运动控制鞋类相比，穿着市售的具有运动控制功能的鞋类具有额外益处。观察到的后足外翻峰值角度的结果具有统计学意义且与临床相关。然而，需要更多高质量的研究来阐明具有运动控制功能的鞋类应用对跑步运动学和动力学以及下肢肌肉激活的影响。
