Trotman Francesca G V, Berggren Per
School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK; Love The Oceans, Jangamo Bay, Inhambane, Mozambique.
School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
J Environ Manage. 2026 Mar 1;401:128956. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.128956. Epub 2026 Feb 16.
The marine environment faces increasing anthropogenic threats, highlighting the urgent need for proactive conservation and management to prevent irreversible climate change effects and biodiversity loss. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are a popular tool to tackle these threats. Amid increased pressures from international commitments and calls to protect larger areas of the oceans (30% by 2030), questions have emerged regarding the effectiveness of MPAs. There is growing concern that MPAs become 'paper parks' - protected in principal but lacking effective regulation and enforcement. This study examines the drivers for effective MPAs and provides a roadmap for successful MPA implementation. We reviewed 202 publications from 2010 to 2024 assessing MPA effectiveness and used topic modelling to identify topics that create successful MPAs. Four key topic areas were identified as essential for MPA success: 1) Evaluation of Integrated Ecological and Socioeconomic Data, 2) Indigenous Engagement, Relationship Mapping and Governance, 3) Effective Location, Connectivity and Cover, and 4) Regulatory Management, Costs, Enforcement and Policy Framework. We use these topic areas to create a step-by-step roadmap for creation and implementation of effective MPAs. The results of the study and the created roadmap have global application for conservationists, policy makers, scientists and other stakeholders engaged in marine biodiversity and habitat conservation.
海洋环境面临着日益增加的人为威胁，这凸显了积极进行保护和管理以防止不可逆转的气候变化影响和生物多样性丧失的迫切需求。海洋保护区（MPA）是应对这些威胁的常用工具。在来自国际承诺的压力不断增加以及呼吁保护更大面积海洋区域（到2030年达到30%）的背景下，关于海洋保护区的有效性出现了一些问题。人们越来越担心海洋保护区会变成“纸上公园”——名义上受到保护，但缺乏有效的监管和执行。本研究探讨了有效海洋保护区的驱动因素，并为成功实施海洋保护区提供了路线图。我们回顾了2010年至2024年期间评估海洋保护区有效性的202份出版物，并使用主题建模来确定促成成功海洋保护区的主题。确定了四个关键主题领域对海洋保护区的成功至关重要：1）综合生态和社会经济数据评估；2）原住民参与、关系映射和治理；3）有效的选址、连通性和覆盖范围；4）监管管理、成本、执法和政策框架。我们利用这些主题领域为创建和实施有效的海洋保护区制定了一份循序渐进的路线图。该研究结果和创建的路线图对从事海洋生物多样性和栖息地保护的保护主义者、政策制定者、科学家和其他利益相关者具有全球适用性。
