Pittman N L, Pittman T S
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1979 Jan;37(1):39-47. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.37.1.39.
Based on Wortman and Brehm's integration of reactance theory with Seligman's model of learned helplessness, an investigation was conducted to examine the effects of amount of helplessness training and internal--external locus of control on subsequent task performance and on self-ratings of mood. Subjects were divided into "internal" and "external" groups and were then given either high, low, or no helplessness training on a series of concept-formation problems. After completing a mood checklist, all subjects worked on an anagram task presented as a second experiment by a second experimenter. The results revealed that internals exhibited greater performance decrements and reported greater depression under high helplessness than did externals. In the low helplessness conditions, internals tended to perform better than control subjects, while externals tended to perform worse than control subjects; low helplessness subjects also reported the highest levels of hostility. The results are discussed within the context of Wortman and Brehm's integration of reactance and learned helplessness theories.
基于沃特曼和布雷姆将反抗理论与塞利格曼的习得性无助模型相结合的研究，开展了一项调查，以检验无助训练量和内控-外控源对后续任务表现及情绪自评的影响。受试者被分为“内控”和“外控”两组，然后针对一系列概念形成问题接受高、低无助训练或无无助训练。完成一份情绪清单后，所有受试者进行一项由另一位实验者作为第二个实验呈现的拼字游戏任务。结果显示，在内控者中，高无助状态下的表现下降幅度更大，且报告的抑郁程度比外控者更高。在低无助状态下，内控者的表现往往优于对照组受试者，而外控者的表现往往比对照组受试者更差；低无助状态的受试者报告的敌意水平也最高。研究结果在沃特曼和布雷姆对反抗与习得性无助理论整合的背景下进行了讨论。
