Hildebrand J H
Am J Physiol. 1979 Sep;237(3):R108-9. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1979.237.3.R108.
Concepts about the liquid state that are inconsistent with the facts are noted, and solvent under tension is one of them. Osmosis is not present in a solution: it is a process in the presence of a semipermeable membrane that can be quantified by the operation of applying a hydrostatic pressure. The classical derivation of the van't Hoff equation from Raoult's law is reviewed. The soundness of the early views of G. H. Lewis has not changed.
指出了与事实不符的关于液态的概念，“处于张力下的溶剂”就是其中之一。渗透现象并不存在于溶液中：它是在半透膜存在的情况下发生的一个过程，可通过施加静水压力的操作来量化。回顾了从拉乌尔定律对范特霍夫方程的经典推导。G. H. 刘易斯早期观点的合理性并未改变。
