Herbst A L, Scully R E, Robboy S J
Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1979 May(51):25-35.
The incidence of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix associated with intrauterine exposure to DES and similar compounds during the first half of pregnancy has increased. Ninety percent of these cancers have occurred in patients 14 years of age or older. Although these carcinomas are exceedingly rare, nonneoplastic abnormalities including vaginal adenosis, cervical eversion (ectropion), and transverse cervical and vaginal ridges are frequent in the exposed population, particularly if the drug was administered early in pregnancy. Current evidence favors a disturbance in development of the müllerian duct as the explanation of these changes. Whether DES is only a teratogen or also a carcinogen is unknown, as is the possible role of other factors in the development of cancer. An increased incidence of cancer among exposed males has not been documented.
孕期前半段子宫内暴露于己烯雌酚及类似化合物的情况下，阴道和宫颈透明细胞腺癌的发病率有所上升。这些癌症90%发生在14岁及以上的患者中。尽管这些癌症极为罕见，但在暴露人群中，包括阴道腺病、宫颈外翻（糜烂）以及宫颈和阴道横嵴等非肿瘤性异常却很常见，尤其是在孕期早期用药的情况下。目前的证据支持苗勒管发育紊乱是这些变化的原因。己烯雌酚究竟只是一种致畸剂还是也是一种致癌物尚不清楚，其他因素在癌症发生过程中可能发挥的作用同样未知。暴露男性中癌症发病率增加的情况尚无记录。
