Zahn-Waxler C, Radke-Yarrow M, King R A
Child Dev. 1979 Jun;50(2):319-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb04112.x.
Maternal rearing behavior was examined in relation to children's reparation for transgressions and altruism as bystanders to distress in others. The children were 1 1/2-2 1/2 years old. Mothers were trained in techniques of observing. They recorded their child's reactions and their own behaviors in everyday encounters with expressions of distress in others (sorrow, discomfort, pain). Distress was also simulated by mothers and investigators. Mothers' empathic caregiving was rated during home visits. Mothers' affectively delivered explanations regarding the distresses their children had caused to others were associated with children's reparations for transgressions. Such explanations were also associated with children's altruism when they were bystanders to another's distress. Empathic caregiving by mothers was positively associated with children's reparation and altruism. Findings are discussed in relation to theories of altruism, conscience, and child rearing.
研究了母亲的养育行为与儿童对违规行为的弥补以及作为他人痛苦旁观者时的利他行为之间的关系。这些儿童年龄在1岁半至2岁半之间。对母亲进行了观察技巧培训。她们记录了孩子在日常遇到他人痛苦表达（悲伤、不适、疼痛）时的反应以及自己的行为。母亲和研究人员还模拟了痛苦情境。在家庭访问期间对母亲的共情式照料进行评分。母亲对孩子给他人造成的痛苦进行情感表达的解释，与孩子对违规行为的弥补有关。当孩子作为他人痛苦的旁观者时，这种解释也与孩子的利他行为有关。母亲的共情式照料与孩子的弥补行为和利他行为呈正相关。结合利他主义、良知和育儿理论对研究结果进行了讨论。
