Castleman B I
Int J Health Serv. 1979;9(4):569-606. doi: 10.2190/Y298-HVAP-L3U2-JMF4.
The export of hazardous industrial plants to developing nations is examined for a number of industries. As hazardous and polluting industries come under increasing regulation in industrial nations, some of the affected processes are exported, without improvements to make them less hazardous, to nonregulating countries where cheap and uninformed labor is abundant. "Runaway shops" then market their products in industrial nations with the competitive advantage of not having had to comply with costly workplace and pollution-control regulations. The international trade impacts of hazard export include: export of jobs from regulating to nonregulating countries; shift of international balance of payments in favor of nonregulating countries; export of mortal health hazards and environmental destruction to workers and communities in nonregulating nations, in order to produce goods for consumption by the regulating countries; weakened competitive position of reputable manufacturers who incur control costs and complete in domestic and would markets against less scrupulous companies; prolonged widespread use of discredited, extremely hazardous technologies, arising from the continuing "subsidy" of certain industries by workers and communities exposed to uncontrolled, well-recognized, mortal health hazards; and aggravated international relations resulting from developing nations' awareness and concern over becoming dumping grounds for hazard export from industrial nations.
本文考察了多个行业向发展中国家出口危险工业工厂的情况。随着工业化国家对危险和污染行业的监管日益加强，一些受影响的生产流程被出口到监管宽松的国家，这些国家劳动力廉价且缺乏相关知识，而这些生产流程并未进行改进以降低危险性。“失控工厂”随后凭借不必遵守高昂的工作场所和污染控制法规这一竞争优势，在工业化国家销售其产品。危险出口对国际贸易的影响包括：工作岗位从监管严格的国家转移到监管宽松的国家；国际收支平衡向有利于监管宽松国家的方向转变；为监管严格国家生产消费品时，将致命的健康危害和环境破坏出口到监管宽松国家的工人和社区；使承担控制成本的声誉良好的制造商在国内和国际市场上面临竞争劣势，对手是那些不那么严谨的公司；由于某些行业持续得到那些暴露在未加控制、广为人知的致命健康危害下的工人和社区的“补贴”，导致信誉扫地、极其危险的技术长期广泛使用；以及发展中国家意识到并担忧成为工业化国家危险出口的倾销地，从而加剧国际关系紧张。
