DeVellis R F, McCauley C
J Autism Dev Disord. 1979 Sep;9(3):261-70. doi: 10.1007/BF01531740.
It is argued that the general learning difficulties exhibited by mentally retarded persons are similar in many respects to the learning difficulties of nonretarded persons who are in a state of learned helplessness (Seligman, 1975) or who are external in locus of control orientation. It is suggested that studies of locus of control and learned helplessness as theoretical constructs both directly concern the perceiving of relationships between behavior and outcomes, and that a systematic investigation of perception of contingency might increase our understanding of some of the learning difficulties of mentally retarded persons. An overview is given of the results of the few studies that have addressed perception of contingency and mental retardation, and suggestions for future research are offered.
有人认为，智力迟钝者表现出的一般学习困难在许多方面与处于习得性无助状态（塞利格曼，1975年）或内控倾向外部型的非智力迟钝者的学习困难相似。有人提出，将控制点和习得性无助作为理论结构进行研究，都直接涉及到对行为与结果之间关系的感知，并且对偶然性感知进行系统研究可能会增进我们对智力迟钝者某些学习困难的理解。本文概述了少数针对偶然性感知与智力迟钝的研究结果，并提出了未来研究的建议。
