Nephroscopy.

Nephroscopy has become an increasingly important adjunctive procedure in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with suspected calyceal calculi, essential renal hematuria, and selected forms of renal tumors. Great advances have been made in the instrumentation and technical aspects of the procedure, and it is hoped that further progress in these areas will render nonoperative renal endoscopy useful even in cases of renal hematuria and infected kidneys.