Pedersen F A, Rubenstein J L, Yarrow L J
J Genet Psychol. 1979 Sep;135(1st Half):51-61. doi: 10.1080/00221325.1979.10533416.
In a sample of 55 black infants (age 5-6 months) living in the inner city in lower socioeconomic circumstances, 27 infants were being reared by their mothers in single-parent families. Male infants who had experienced minimal interaction with their fathers were significantly lower on the Bayley Mental Developmental Index and in measures of social responsiveness, secondary circular reactions, and preferences for novel stimuli. Female infants in this sample appeared unaffected by the father's presence or absence. After weighing alternative interpretations of the findings, we conclude that the father is a significant component in the early environment and that both observational studies and conceptual development of the role of the father in infancy are needed.
在一个由55名生活在社会经济条件较差的市中心区的黑人婴儿（年龄在5至6个月）组成的样本中，有27名婴儿由母亲在单亲家庭中抚养。与父亲互动极少的男婴在贝利心理发展指数以及社会反应性、二级循环反应和对新异刺激的偏好等测量指标上得分显著较低。这个样本中的女婴似乎不受父亲是否在场的影响。在权衡了对这些发现的其他解释后，我们得出结论，父亲是早期环境中的一个重要组成部分，并且需要对父亲在婴儿期的角色进行观察性研究和概念性发展。
