Janoff-Bulman R
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1979 Oct;37(10):1798-809. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.37.10.1798.
Two types of self-blame--behavioral and characterological--are distinguished. Behavioral self-blame is control related, involves attributions to a modifiable source (one's behavior), and is associated with a belief in the future avoidability of a negative outcome. Characterological self-blame is esteem related, involves attributions to a relatively nonmodifiable source (one's character), and is associated with a belief in personal deservingness for past negative outcomes. Two studies are reported that bear on this self-blame distinction. In the first study, it was found that depressed female college students engaged in more characterologial self-blame than nondepressed female college students, whereas behavioral self-blame did not differ between the two groups; the depressed population was also characterized by greater attributions to chance and decreased beliefs in personal control. Characterological self-blame is proposed as a possible solution to the "paradox in depression." In a second study, rape crisis centers were surveyed. Behavioral self-blame, and not characterological self-blame, emerged as the most common response of rape victims to their victimization, suggesting the victim's desire to maintain a belief in control, particularly the belief in the future avoidability of rape. Implications of this self-blame distinction and potential directions for future research are discussed.
自责分为两种类型——行为自责和性格自责。行为自责与控制有关，涉及将原因归结于可改变的因素（个人行为），并与认为负面结果在未来可避免的信念相关。性格自责与自尊有关，涉及将原因归结于相对不可改变的因素（个人性格），并与认为个人应对过去的负面结果负责的信念相关。本文报告了两项与这种自责区分相关的研究。在第一项研究中，发现抑郁的女大学生比非抑郁的女大学生更多地进行性格自责，而两组在行为自责方面没有差异；抑郁人群还表现出更多地将原因归结于机遇，以及对个人控制的信念降低。性格自责被认为是解决“抑郁悖论”的一种可能方法。在第二项研究中，对强奸危机中心进行了调查。行为自责而非性格自责，成为强奸受害者对其受害经历最常见的反应，这表明受害者希望保持对控制的信念，尤其是相信未来可以避免强奸。本文讨论了这种自责区分的意义以及未来研究的潜在方向。
