Warner R E
Bull World Health Organ. 1967;36(2):181-207.
A solution of the problem of environmental contamination must be based on accurate measurement of the extent of the contamination and of the resulting hazards. This paper reviews the methods for the estimation of microchemical contaminants in water with the aid of living organisms. The methods are grouped according to the nature of the response of the organism to the contaminant-namely, acute response (usually death), behavioural change, physiological change, biochemical and histochemical change, ecological change, embryological and regenerational change, growth change, histological change and perception by man or aquatic organisms. Finally, the following problems are discussed: selection of appropriate tests and standardization, the dangers of sequential concentration and the need for multi-parametric assays (assays involving several responses of a single organism, or responses of several organisms) for complete characterization of the effects of a contaminant on the environment.
环境污染问题的解决办法必须基于对污染程度及由此产生的危害的精确测量。本文综述了借助生物来估算水中微量化学污染物的方法。这些方法根据生物对污染物的反应性质进行分类，即急性反应（通常为死亡）、行为变化、生理变化、生化和组织化学变化、生态变化、胚胎学和再生变化、生长变化、组织学变化以及人类或水生生物的感知。最后，讨论了以下问题：选择合适的测试方法及标准化、连续浓缩的危险性以及采用多参数分析（涉及单个生物的多种反应或多种生物的反应的分析）来全面表征污染物对环境的影响的必要性。
