Hannay D R, Maddox E J
Lancet. 1975 Dec 13;2(7946):1195-7. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(75)92672-0.
A survey of 1344 patients registered at a new health centre in Glasgow assessed the prevalence of symptoms and referrals together with subjective, gradings of medical symptoms in terms of pain, disability, and perceived seriousness, and of social symptoms in terms of worry or inconvenience. These grading scales were used to define referral behaviour which appeared to be incongruous in the light of the respondents' own perceptions of their symptoms. In this way incongruous referrals indicated the size of the medical and social symptom "iceberg" and "trivia". For both medical and social symptoms the "icebergs" were larger than the "trivia"; the medical-symptom "iceberg" was two to three times greater than the medical-symptom "trivia".
一项针对格拉斯哥一家新健康中心登记的1344名患者的调查，评估了症状和转诊的患病率，以及从疼痛、残疾和感知严重程度方面对医学症状的主观分级，和从担忧或不便方面对社会症状的主观分级。这些分级量表被用来定义转诊行为，而从受访者对自身症状的认知来看，这种转诊行为似乎并不一致。通过这种方式，不一致的转诊表明了医学和社会症状“冰山”及“琐事”的规模。对于医学和社会症状而言，“冰山”都比“琐事”更大；医学症状的“冰山”比医学症状的“琐事”大两到三倍。
