Hall-Martin A J, de Boom H P
J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1979 Mar;50(1):19-22.
A dislocated elbow of a male elephant calf (Loxodonta africana) in the Addo Elephant National Park resulted in it being harassed by other elephants and consequently leaving its maternal herd at the age of 6 years, rather than the more usual age of 9-10 years. In the absence of large predators the elephant had survived for 9 years and had adapted its locomotion and intraspecific behaviour to its injury. The humeral joint of the affected forelimb was carried in partial extension while the cubital and carpal joints were permanently in partial flexion. Substantial secondary osteoarthritic changes, extensive fusion and compensatory remodelling of the humerus, radius and ulna had taken place together with compensatory development in the musculature. The planes of articulation of the limb bones had also been considerably rotated inward.
阿多大象国家公园的一头雄性小象（非洲象）肘部脱臼，这导致它受到其他大象的骚扰，结果在6岁时离开了母象群，而不是通常的9至10岁。在没有大型食肉动物的情况下，这头大象存活了9年，并使其运动和种内行为适应了自身的损伤。受影响前肢的肱关节处于部分伸展状态，而肘和腕关节则永久处于部分屈曲状态。肱骨、桡骨和尺骨发生了大量继发性骨关节炎变化、广泛融合和代偿性重塑，肌肉组织也有代偿性发育。 limb bones的关节平面也大幅向内旋转。 （注：原文中“limb bones”直译为“肢体骨骼”，结合语境这里可能是指上肢骨骼，可根据更准确的医学知识进一步优化表述，但按要求不添加解释说明，所以保留原文直译）
