Chisholm J S
Early Hum Dev. 1978 Sep;2(3):255-75. doi: 10.1016/0378-3782(78)90029-4.
The cross-cultural and historical use of techniques of infant restraint, swaddling with or without the use of a board or cradle, are described. Such techniques were used very widely in temperate latitudes but have declined since the 18th century. Laboratory experiments indicate that swaddled babies sleep more, have reduced levels of motor activity in response to stimulation, fewer startles and lower heart-rate variability. No clear long-term effects of swaddling have been demonstrated. Results are reported of an ethological study of cradleboard use among Navajo Indians. Time on cradleboard declined from about 16 h a day in the first 3 mth to less than 9 h by the first birthday. The extent of cradleboard use was determined by both infant and parental actions. As compared with European infants, Navajo babies spend much more time in actual or potential social contact with adults. It is suggested that swaddling and cradleboard might be used in western cultures to reduce the social iolation of infants, to reduce parental child tension with 'sleep problem' babies and in various paediatric situations.
本文描述了婴儿约束技术的跨文化和历史应用，包括使用或不使用板子或摇篮的襁褓包裹。这些技术在温带地区曾被广泛使用，但自18世纪以来已经减少。实验室实验表明，襁褓包裹的婴儿睡眠更多，对刺激的运动活动水平降低，惊跳更少，心率变异性更低。目前尚未证明襁褓包裹有明确的长期影响。报告了一项关于纳瓦霍印第安人使用摇篮板的行为学研究结果。婴儿在摇篮板上的时间从出生后前3个月的每天约16小时下降到1岁生日时的不到9小时。摇篮板的使用程度由婴儿和父母的行为共同决定。与欧洲婴儿相比，纳瓦霍婴儿与成年人进行实际或潜在社交接触的时间要多得多。有人建议，在西方文化中，襁褓包裹和摇篮板可用于减少婴儿的社交孤立，缓解父母与有“睡眠问题”婴儿之间的紧张关系，以及用于各种儿科情况。
