Cohen D J, Dibble E, Grawe J M
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1977 Apr;34(4):480-7. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1977.01770160114010.
Mothers and fathers rated the personality of twin children, using the Childhood Personality Scale (CPS). Fathers characterized children as less attentive, zestful, and talkative than mothers. Boys were rated as more attentive, hyperactive, ebullient and sociable; girls were described as more placid and talkative. Monozygotic (MZ) twinships were much more similar than dizygotic (DZ) on the attention, behavior modulation, and sociability dimensions. Monozygotic and DZ twins both had a high degree of intrapair similarity in zestfulness and verbal expressiveness. Monozygotic twins whose parents thought they were DZ or were not certain of zygosity were as alike as MZ twins believed to be MZ. All three MZ groups were different from DZ twins. Thus, parental expectation did not appear to strongly influence similarity in attention, behavior modulation, and sociability, This suggests the strong genetic contribution to their emergence.
父母使用儿童人格量表（CPS）对双胞胎子女的人格进行评分。父亲认为孩子不如母亲专注、热情和健谈。男孩被评为更专注、多动、热情和善于社交；女孩被描述为更平静和健谈。在注意力、行为调节和社交能力维度上，同卵双胞胎（MZ）比异卵双胞胎（DZ）更为相似。同卵双胞胎和异卵双胞胎在热情和语言表达能力方面都有高度的同对内相似性。父母认为是异卵双胞胎或不确定其合子性的同卵双胞胎，与被认为是同卵双胞胎的同卵双胞胎一样相似。所有三组同卵双胞胎都与异卵双胞胎不同。因此，父母的期望似乎并没有强烈影响注意力、行为调节和社交能力方面的相似性，这表明基因对这些特征的出现有很大贡献。
