Herman B H, Panksepp J
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1978 Aug;9(2):213-20. doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(78)90167-3.
In order to determine the relationship between endorphins and social attachment, the effects of morphine (an opiate agonist) and naloxone (an opiate antagonist) on various indices of attachment in guinea pigs were studied. In infants, crying or separation-induced distress vocalizations were significantly decreased by single injections of low morphine doses (0.25, .050 and 0.75 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner. Naloxone (1mg/kg1 reliably increased separation distress vocalizations in both juvenile and adult guinea pigs. Therefore, similar to opiate withdrawal symptoms, separation distress appeared to be alleviated by morphine and potentiated by naloxone. As for approach attachment, offspring/maternal proximity-maintenance time was significantly decreased by morphine (1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg), suggesting that opiates may be capable of replacing a function normally subserved by endorphins in reinforcing attachments. These data support the hypothesis that an endorphin-based addiction-like process may underlie the maintenance of social attachments, and that separation distress may reflect a state of endogenous "endorphin withdrawal".
为了确定内啡肽与社会依恋之间的关系，研究了吗啡（一种阿片类激动剂）和纳洛酮（一种阿片类拮抗剂）对豚鼠各种依恋指标的影响。在幼崽中，单次注射低剂量吗啡（0.25、0.50和0.75毫克/千克）以剂量依赖的方式显著减少了哭泣或分离引起的痛苦叫声。纳洛酮（1毫克/千克）确实可靠地增加了幼年和成年豚鼠的分离痛苦叫声。因此，与阿片类戒断症状相似，分离痛苦似乎通过吗啡得到缓解，而通过纳洛酮得到增强。至于接近依恋，吗啡（1.0、2.5和5.0毫克/千克）显著减少了后代/母体保持接近的时间，这表明阿片类物质可能能够取代内啡肽在加强依恋方面通常发挥的功能。这些数据支持这样一种假设，即基于内啡肽的成瘾样过程可能是社会依恋维持的基础，并且分离痛苦可能反映了内源性“内啡肽戒断”状态。
