Maltzman E, Holz W C, Kunze J
J Exp Anal Behav. 1965 Nov;8(6):385-8. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1965.8-385.
Children learned to respond differentially to four tones when correct responses were indicated by re-sounding the tone and flashing a signal lamp (simple knowledge of results). Correct responses were then made to advance a display counter. With this procedure, rate of response increased, but accuracy decreased. Mild punishment-points subtracted from the count-was then arranged for incorrect responses. Accuracy returned to or above its previous level. Response rate tended to remain above its initial level. These results indicate that when supplementary reinforcers are employed, precise contingencies must be arranged to ensure desired behavior.
当通过重复音调并闪烁信号灯来表明正确反应时（简单的结果知晓），儿童学会了对四种音调做出不同反应。然后做出正确反应以推进显示计数器。采用这个程序后，反应速率增加了，但准确性下降了。接着，针对错误反应安排了轻微惩罚——从计数中减去分数。准确性恢复到之前的水平或高于之前的水平。反应速率往往保持在初始水平之上。这些结果表明，当使用辅助强化物时，必须安排精确的意外情况以确保期望的行为。
