The genetic control of DNA supercoiling in Salmonella typhimurium.

We have elucidated the genetic control of DNA supercoiling in Salmonella typhimurium. The level of superhelix density is controlled by two classes of genes. The only member of the first class is topA, the structural gene for topoisomerase I. The second class, tos, (topoisomerase one suppressor) consists of at least two genes, one of which is linked to gyrA, the structural gene for the topoisomerase subunit of DNA gyrase. Deletions of topA result in oversupercoiling of plasmid DNA. These mutations do not require the acquisition of second-site compensatory mutations to allow cell growth, in contrast to the situation in Escherichia coli. However, tos mutations, unlinked to topA, have been isolated which reduce plasmid superhelix density. We conclude that the level of DNA supercoiling in S. typhimurium is a dynamic balance between the effects of the gene products of topA (relaxation) and tos (supercoiling) which act independently of each other. Using a variety of combinations of these mutations we have constructed a series of isogenic strains, each of which has a different but precisely defined level of plasmid supercoiling; the series as a whole provides a wide range of supercoiling both above and below the wild-type level.