Hall P F
Can J Biochem Cell Biol. 1984 Aug;62(8):653-65. doi: 10.1139/o84-087.
The structure and functions of microfilaments and microtubules is briefly reviewed. Based on evidence from a variety of cells with various experimental approaches, it is proposed that the cytoskeleton is important in the functions of cells as follows: the cytoskeleton appears to be involved in attachment (to other cells and to substrata used in cell culture) and in movement; the cytoskeleton appears to be involved in the complex relationship between the surface and the interior of the cell. This is a two-way relationship in which the cell uses the cytoskeleton to influence the distribution of proteins within the plasma membrane and perhaps as a go-between to transmit information from the surface of the cell to the interior. Within the cell, the cytoskeleton appears to coordinate intracellular activities (e.g., between nucleus and cytoplasm) and to provide a compartmentation which restricts the movements of intracellular structures (from molecules to organelles), thereby facilitating productive encounters between such structures with an efficiency that is presumed to exceed that of random motion. The cytoskeleton may arrange the various components of the cell in space; it may direct intracellular traffic and promote intracellular movement. This loose picture of cytoskeletal activity may be more emphatic than the available data warrant. It should be regarded as informed extrapolation based upon fragments of information. When these ideas are applied to endocrine function, we can see that the secretion of hormones (exemplified by thyroid hormones and insulin) requires cytoskeletal activity to provide direction and perhaps to promote movement. In steroidogenic cells the movement of cholesterol from cytoplasm to mitochondria requires microfilaments. The antidiuretic hormone requires microfilaments and microtubules to promote transport of water through cells in response to osmotic gradients. Microfilaments adjust the compliance of the cell to provide a path for water and microtubules influence the permeability of the cell membrane to water.
本文简要回顾了微丝和微管的结构与功能。基于多种细胞采用不同实验方法所获得的证据，有人提出细胞骨架在细胞功能中具有重要作用，具体如下：细胞骨架似乎参与细胞黏附（与其他细胞以及细胞培养中使用的底物的黏附）和细胞运动；细胞骨架似乎还参与细胞表面与内部之间的复杂关系。这是一种双向关系，细胞利用细胞骨架影响质膜内蛋白质的分布，或许还作为一种媒介将信息从细胞表面传递到细胞内部。在细胞内，细胞骨架似乎协调细胞内的活动（如细胞核与细胞质之间的活动），并提供一种区室化结构，限制细胞内结构（从分子到细胞器）的移动，从而促进这些结构之间高效的相互作用，其效率被认为超过随机运动。细胞骨架可能在空间上排列细胞的各种组成部分；它可能引导细胞内运输并促进细胞内运动。细胞骨架活动的这种大致描述可能比现有数据所支持的更为强调。应将其视为基于零散信息的有根据的推断。当这些观点应用于内分泌功能时，我们可以看到激素分泌（以甲状腺激素和胰岛素为例）需要细胞骨架活动来提供方向并可能促进运动。在类固醇生成细胞中，胆固醇从细胞质向线粒体的移动需要微丝。抗利尿激素需要微丝和微管来促进水通过细胞的运输以应对渗透梯度。微丝调节细胞的顺应性以提供水的通道，而微管影响细胞膜对水的通透性。
