Nishikawa T, Tanaka M, Koga I, Uchida Y
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1983;80(4):374-5. doi: 10.1007/BF00432124.
Three cases of tardive dyskinesia with psychotic symptoms (one presenile psychosis; two schizophrenia) were successfully treated with both clonidine and neuroleptics for 3 years. The dyskinesia abolished or reduced by clonidine returned several months after discontinuation of clonidine. During the follow-up study, it was observed that combining neuroleptics with clonidine was superior to thioridazine, levomepromazine, or sulpiride for controlling the dyskinesia. These findings suggest that noradrenergic involvement is important in tardive dyskinesia and that other subtypes of dyskinesia might exist.
三例伴有精神病症状的迟发性运动障碍患者（一例早老性精神病；两例精神分裂症），同时使用可乐定和抗精神病药物成功治疗了3年。可乐定使运动障碍消失或减轻，但在停用可乐定几个月后又复发。在随访研究中，观察到抗精神病药物与可乐定联合使用在控制运动障碍方面优于硫利达嗪、左美丙嗪或舒必利。这些发现表明，去甲肾上腺素能参与在迟发性运动障碍中很重要，并且可能存在其他类型的运动障碍。
