A topological model for transcription based on unwinding angle analysis of E. coli RNA polymerase binary, initiation and ternary complexes.

DNA unwinding induced by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase is measured for binary, initiation and ternary complexes formed from a unique promoter sequence on simian virus 40 DNA. At 37 degrees C the complexes all have an unwinding angle of 17 +/- 1 base pairs (580 degrees +/- 30 degrees). This unwinding is attributed to an enzyme-stabilized separation of the double helix at the promoter site, which is maintained throughout initiation and elongation. There is no heterogeneity in the unwinding angle of the ternary complex as it progresses down the helical template. The constant DNA unwinding during all phases of transcription leads us to propose the existence of unwindase and rewindase activities on the enzyme that allow it to travel down the helix like a nut on a DNA bolt. During elongation, the unwindase unwinds the DNA helix while the rewindase, lagging by 17 base pairs, displaces the RNA transcript and reseals the helix. Both activities induce a rotation in the DNA double helix relative to the polymerase. The RNA-DNA hybrid also rotates, maintaining both ends of that helix fixed relative to the catalytic and windase sites. Formation of an RNA-DNA hybrid which spans the distal end of the DNA unwound region is proposed as a possible mechanism for polymerase pausing and termination. This model requires that the polymerase direct the transcript past the noncoding DNA strand. Pausing occurs 16-20 nucleotides downstream from the centers of appropriately sized dyad symmetry elements.