Chonmaitree T, Powell K R
Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1983 Jun;22(6):414-9. doi: 10.1177/000992288302200603.
Between 1962 and 1980, 50 children admitted to Strong Memorial Hospital had a pleural effusion or an empyema associated with pneumonia. Such parapneumonic effusion and empyema accounted for 52 per cent of cases of pleural effusion and empyema of all etiologies admitted during those years. Review of cases of parapneumonic effusion and empyema suggested that clinical manifestations, laboratory, and roentgenographic findings did not separate these two groups of patients before thoracentesis was performed. Specific organisms were identified in 29 per cent of cases with parapneumonic effusion and 62 per cent with parapneumonic empyema. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes were responsible for 35, 30, and 20 per cent of cases, respectively. Parapneumonic effusions were treated without closed-chest tube drainage in 76 per cent of the cases, while closed-chest drainage was necessary in virtually all cases of children with empyema.
1962年至1980年间，50名入住斯特朗纪念医院的儿童出现了与肺炎相关的胸腔积液或脓胸。此类肺炎旁胸腔积液和脓胸占那些年所有病因所致胸腔积液和脓胸病例的52%。对肺炎旁胸腔积液和脓胸病例的回顾表明，在进行胸腔穿刺术之前，临床表现、实验室检查和影像学检查结果无法区分这两组患者。在29%的肺炎旁胸腔积液病例和62%的肺炎旁脓胸病例中鉴定出了特定病原体。金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌和化脓性链球菌分别导致了35%、30%和20%的病例。76%的肺炎旁胸腔积液病例无需闭式胸腔引流管引流即可治疗，而几乎所有脓胸患儿病例都需要闭式胸腔引流。
