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Rev Infect Dis. 1983 May-Jun;5(3):514-23. doi: 10.1093/clinids/5.3.514.
About 20 years ago, Japanese and American investigators found that inhalation of relatively small amounts of aerosolized, partly attenuated measles vaccines was consistently immunogenic in nearly all susceptible children. The resulting modified measles was not transmissible to susceptible children. In 1965-1966, Japanese investigators showed that levels of neutralizing antibody produced by killed measles virus vaccine, which prevented subsequent immunization when live vaccine was given subcutaneously, did not prevent the immunogenic effect of the same vaccine given by aerosol. This raised the possibility that aerosolized vaccine may be immunogenic in infants with residual maternal antibody, in whom subcutaneously injected vaccine is ineffective. In 1971, Soviet investigators reported the high effectiveness and complete lack of febrile and other clinical reactions in 3,306 children who were exposed in large groups in large tents or chambers to aerosols of the more-attenuated measles vaccines that were currently available. An inexpensive nebulizer and the procedure for administration of aerosolized vaccine to individual children are here described. If the good results reported from the USSR can also be obtained with this simple method of vaccination by aerosol, it may be possible to carry out mass vaccinations against measles with thousands of nonprofessional personnel and thereby quickly eliminate measles in countries where it is still a serious public health problem.
大约20年前，日本和美国的研究人员发现，吸入相对少量雾化的、部分减毒的麻疹疫苗，几乎对所有易感儿童都具有持续的免疫原性。由此产生的改良麻疹不会传染给易感儿童。1965年至1966年，日本研究人员表明，灭活麻疹病毒疫苗产生的中和抗体水平，在皮下注射活疫苗时会阻止后续免疫，但不会阻止通过气溶胶给药的同一疫苗的免疫原性作用。这增加了雾化疫苗可能对有母体残留抗体的婴儿具有免疫原性的可能性，而皮下注射疫苗对这些婴儿无效。1971年，苏联研究人员报告称，3306名儿童在大帐篷或室内大批暴露于当时可用的减毒程度更高的麻疹疫苗气溶胶中，效果显著，且完全没有发热和其他临床反应。本文描述了一种廉价的雾化器以及向个体儿童接种雾化疫苗的程序。如果通过这种简单的雾化疫苗接种方法也能获得苏联报告的良好效果，那么就有可能利用数千名非专业人员开展大规模麻疹疫苗接种，从而在麻疹仍是严重公共卫生问题的国家迅速消除麻疹。
