van Rossum J M, Burgers J P
Drug Metab Rev. 1984;15(1-2):365-82. doi: 10.3109/03602538409015072.
The body is considered as a system composed of a number of subsystems. The response(s) of a drug is a complicated function of the concentration in the blood plasma, which in turn is some function of the dosage input. The dose-response curve of a drug in a subsystem (e.g., isolated organ) is, over a limited concentration range, a linear function of the logarithm of the concentration. The logarithm of the concentration in the plasma is, again over a limited range, a linear function of time. Time-effect curves in the intact organism may therefore be a linear function of time. In reality, the situation is far more complex, because of nonlinear kinetics, nonlinear kinetics of effects in the subsystems, and adaptation phenomena based on feedback regulation, as is illustrated by examples. It is concluded that one should not only consider the body as a system but also study it as a system; that is, apply the dynamic system approach in pharmacology.
人体被视为由多个子系统组成的系统。药物的反应是血浆浓度的复杂函数，而血浆浓度又是剂量输入的某种函数。在一个子系统（如离体器官）中，药物的剂量 - 反应曲线在有限的浓度范围内是浓度对数的线性函数。血浆浓度的对数在同样有限的范围内是时间的线性函数。因此，完整机体中的时间 - 效应曲线可能是时间的线性函数。实际上，情况要复杂得多，因为存在非线性动力学、子系统中效应的非线性动力学以及基于反馈调节的适应现象，如下例所示。得出的结论是，不仅应将人体视为一个系统，还应以系统的方式对其进行研究；也就是说，在药理学中应用动态系统方法。
