Akaza H, Murphy W M, Soloway M S
J Urol. 1984 Jan;131(1):152-5. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)50249-9.
Chemical carcinogenesis is currently regarded as a complicated series of events requiring initiation and promotion in specific sequences. Carcinogens are thought to be chemicals which can induce both initiation and promotion so that few if any additional host or environmental factors are required in the production of neoplasms. Most experimental studies to date have investigated bladder cancer using these highly active agents and the role of other substances in urothelial neoplasia has not been emphasized. We have examined the role of a variety of solutions, including water and saline, in pilot studies of urothelial carcinogenesis using the ALZA mini-pump for continuous infusion. Bladder tumors indistinguishable morphologically from papillary transitional cell carcinomas were induced. Although experimental induction of bladder cancer with powerful carcinogens may completely overwhelm host defenses and result in more and higher grade neoplasms, similar tumors may occur after exposure to substances not generally considered to be carcinogenic. This process, which probably requires cofactors and host-chemical interaction, may be more representative of environmental carcinogenesis than systems using powerful carcinogens and should be further investigated.
化学致癌作用目前被视为一系列复杂的事件，需要特定顺序的启动和促进过程。致癌物被认为是既能引发启动又能促进发展的化学物质，以至于在肿瘤产生过程中几乎不需要其他宿主或环境因素。迄今为止，大多数实验研究使用这些高活性物质来研究膀胱癌，而其他物质在上皮肿瘤形成中的作用尚未得到重视。我们在使用ALZA微型泵进行持续输注的尿路上皮癌发生的初步研究中，研究了包括水和盐水在内的各种溶液的作用。诱导出了形态上与乳头状移行细胞癌无法区分的膀胱肿瘤。尽管用强力致癌物进行膀胱癌的实验诱导可能会完全压倒宿主防御并导致更多更高等级的肿瘤，但在接触通常不被认为具有致癌性的物质后也可能出现类似的肿瘤。这个过程可能需要辅助因子和宿主与化学物质的相互作用，比起使用强力致癌物的系统，它可能更能代表环境致癌作用，应该进一步研究。
