Epstein L H, Dickson B E, McKenzie S, Russell P O
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1984;83(1):107-13. doi: 10.1007/BF00427433.
It has been suggested that smoking may reduce affect in high-arousal situations by blocking peripheral physiological cues. The effects of smoking on perception of one type of physiological response, muscle activity, was evaluated in two studies. In study 1 male and female smokers were exposed to four conditions: high and low arousal crossed with smoking or deprivation. Results showed that smokers produce less muscle activity during high- than low-arousal situations, and that smoking reduced sensitivity to muscle activity in females, but enhanced it in males. These perception differences were not related to arousal as assessed by heart rate, which was elevated in all high-arousal situations. When compared to nonsmokers, smokers in a deprived state generate more muscle activity during the perception task, but showed no differences in sensitivity. These results represent the initial demonstration that smoking can alter the perception of physiological processes. Study 2 was designed to determine whether the effects of smoking were specific to muscle tension or indicative of a more generalized perceptual change. Perception of muscle tension and decibel levels were compared in smoking or deprived female smokers who were in the high-arousal situation. Results for muscle-tension perception in high-arousal situations were similar to those in study 1, but smoking did not alter perception of auditory stimuli.
有人提出，吸烟可能通过阻断外周生理线索来减轻高唤醒状态下的情感反应。两项研究评估了吸烟对一种生理反应——肌肉活动感知的影响。在研究1中，男性和女性吸烟者被置于四种条件下：高唤醒与低唤醒分别与吸烟或戒烟状态交叉组合。结果显示，吸烟者在高唤醒状态下比低唤醒状态下产生的肌肉活动更少，并且吸烟降低了女性对肌肉活动的敏感度，但提高了男性对肌肉活动的敏感度。这些感知差异与通过心率评估的唤醒程度无关，在所有高唤醒状态下心率都会升高。与不吸烟者相比，处于戒烟状态的吸烟者在感知任务中会产生更多的肌肉活动，但在敏感度上没有差异。这些结果初步证明了吸烟会改变对生理过程的感知。研究2旨在确定吸烟的影响是否特定于肌肉紧张，还是表明存在更普遍的感知变化。在高唤醒状态下，对吸烟或戒烟的女性吸烟者的肌肉紧张感知和分贝水平感知进行了比较。高唤醒状态下肌肉紧张感知的结果与研究1相似，但吸烟并未改变对听觉刺激的感知。
