Epstein L H, Perkins K A, Jennings J R, Pastor S
Western Psychiatric and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1990;100(3):366-71. doi: 10.1007/BF02244608.
This study assessed the role of smoking-related cues on habituation of electrodermal responding and facial neuromuscular responses in male smokers. In three of the four groups, subjects smoked for the first five trials followed by the laboratory arithmetic task. On the sixth trial one group of subjects continued to smoke nicotine cigarettes, while the context was changed for subjects in the other groups by 1) omitting the pharmacological cues (smoking a non-nicotine cigarette) or 2) omitting both the pharmacological and behavioral cues (not smoking). Subjects in a non-smoking control group did not smoke before any of the six trials. During trials 1-5, smoking significantly increased the rate of habituation of electrodermal activity. On trial 6, electrodermal activity significantly increased for subjects who had a change in smoking context, whether it involved removal of pharmacological or smoking plus pharmacological cues. No differences in electrodermal activity were observed between subjects in these groups compared to non-smoking control subjects. Smoking increased zygomatic activity (predominant during smiling) during trials 1-5, consistent with an interpretation of the positively reinforcing nature of smoking. Corrugator activity (predominant during frowning or concentration) increased for subjects who had both the pharmacological and behavioral smoking cues omitted on trial 6.
本研究评估了吸烟相关线索对男性吸烟者皮肤电反应和面部神经肌肉反应习惯化的作用。在四组中的三组中，受试者在前五次试验中吸烟，随后进行实验室算术任务。在第六次试验中，一组受试者继续吸含尼古丁香烟，而其他组受试者的环境发生了变化，变化方式为：1）去除药理学线索（吸不含尼古丁的香烟）或2）去除药理学和行为学线索（不吸烟）。非吸烟对照组的受试者在六次试验中的任何一次之前都不吸烟。在试验1 - 5期间，吸烟显著提高了皮肤电活动的习惯化速率。在试验6中，吸烟环境发生变化的受试者，无论其涉及去除药理学线索还是吸烟加药理学线索，其皮肤电活动均显著增加。与非吸烟对照组受试者相比，这些组中的受试者在皮肤电活动方面未观察到差异。在试验1 - 5期间，吸烟增加了颧肌活动（微笑时占主导），这与对吸烟具有正强化性质的解释一致。对于在试验6中同时去除药理学和行为学吸烟线索的受试者，皱眉肌活动（皱眉或集中注意力时占主导）增加。
