Bach S
Psychoanal Rev. 1984 Spring;71(1):145-68.
The normal adult is able both to experience himself and to know himself as an object in the world; he is capable of both subjective and objective self-awareness. Both types of awareness are developmental achievements, and their integration is related to the development of self-constancy and the sense of reality and identify. They are perspectives depending on where the line is drawn between the self observing and the self observed, and they vary in altered states of consciousness. Psychological theories also vary along these dimensions and although psychoanalysis is distinctive in attempting to integrate both viewpoints, the language of the theory and certain technical parameters change as the emphasis changes from defects in objective self-awareness to defects in subjective awareness.
正常成年人既能体验自我，又能将自己视为世界中的一个客体来认识自己；他既有主观自我意识，又有客观自我意识。这两种意识都是发展过程中的成就，它们的整合与自我恒常性、现实感和认同感的发展相关。它们是取决于自我观察与被观察自我之间界限划分位置的视角，并且在意识改变状态下会有所不同。心理学理论在这些维度上也各有不同，虽然精神分析在试图整合这两种观点方面独具特色，但随着理论重点从客观自我意识缺陷转向主观意识缺陷，该理论的语言和某些技术参数也会发生变化。
