Heim E
Psychiatr Prax. 1978 Feb;5(1):14-24.
The psychiatric hospital is conceptualized as a social organism with its own development. Every important change or new development follows certain laws. When those steps of phases of development are known their unfolding can be guided more easily. Resistance must be expected and tends to hinder the planned development. There is also a risk of wrong or defective development, endangering the overall goal. The different systematic phases, resistances or risks in changing a psychiatric hospital from a traditional-custodial to a milieu-active institution are summarized in a table. The described milieu therapy is that of a therapeutic community; its conceptualization is briefly discussed. Milieu therapy as a term is at the same time understood in a inclusive and in a complementary way: Inclusive in so far as all therapeutic procedures in a hospital are coordinated via milieu therapy; complementary in the sense that all activities which take place beside the classical therapies (pharmacotherapy; psychotherapy, etc.) are understood as therapeutic activities.
精神病院被视为一个有自身发展的社会有机体。每一项重大变革或新发展都遵循一定的规律。当了解了发展阶段的那些步骤时，其展开就能更容易地得到引导。必须预料到阻力，而且阻力往往会阻碍计划中的发展。还存在发展错误或有缺陷的风险，危及总体目标。将一家精神病院从传统的监护型转变为环境活跃型机构过程中的不同系统阶段、阻力或风险汇总在一张表格中。所描述的环境疗法是治疗性社区的疗法；对其概念进行了简要讨论。环境疗法这个术语同时以一种包容和互补的方式被理解：包容是指医院里所有的治疗程序都通过环境疗法进行协调；互补是指在经典疗法（药物治疗、心理治疗等）之外发生的所有活动都被视为治疗活动。
