Epstein A M, Read J L, Winickoff R
Am J Med. 1984 Aug;77(2):313-8. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(84)90709-5.
Psychologists have distinguished between "beliefs" and "attitudes" to help explain human behavior. To investigate the relationship between physician beliefs, attitudes, and their prescribing behavior for anti-inflammatory medication, 30 doctors in two Veterans Administration clinics were surveyed by questionnaire, and 1,265 of their prescriptions were collected. Their estimates of drug costs and the percent of patients who would have response to therapy or side effects were considered "beliefs." The "attitudes" measured were the relative importance physicians placed on six factors when choosing therapy: effectiveness, side effects, likelihood of compliance, placebo effect, cost, and the patient's perception of the physician. Physicians believed that efficacy of the different proprietary nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and aspirin compounds was comparable. They perceived indomethacin as more toxic than other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (p less than 0.01), and enteric-coated aspirin as less toxic than plain aspirin (p less than 0.01). Physicians wrote 5.7 times as many prescriptions for proprietary nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents as for aspirin compounds. A correlation was not observed between relative use of proprietary agents versus aspirin compounds and beliefs about costs, response rates, or side effects rates; however, attitudes regarding the importance of cost and placebo effects were correlated with prescribing behavior (p less than 0.05).
心理学家区分了“信念”和“态度”,以帮助解释人类行为。为了研究医生的信念、态度与他们开具抗炎药物处方行为之间的关系,通过问卷调查了两家退伍军人管理局诊所的30名医生,并收集了他们的1265份处方。他们对药物成本以及对治疗有反应或出现副作用的患者百分比的估计被视为“信念”。所测量的“态度”是医生在选择治疗方法时对六个因素的相对重视程度:有效性、副作用、依从可能性、安慰剂效应、成本以及患者对医生的看法。医生们认为不同品牌的非甾体抗炎药和阿司匹林化合物的疗效相当。他们认为吲哚美辛比其他非甾体抗炎药毒性更大(p小于0.01),而肠溶阿司匹林比普通阿司匹林毒性更小(p小于0.01)。医生开具的品牌非甾体抗炎药处方数量是阿司匹林化合物处方数量的5.7倍。未观察到品牌药物与阿司匹林化合物的相对使用量与对成本、反应率或副作用发生率的信念之间存在相关性;然而,对成本和安慰剂效应重要性的态度与处方行为相关(p小于0.05)。