Shneidman E S
Am J Psychother. 1984 Jul;38(3):319-28. doi: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1984.38.3.319.
An aphorism is a pithy short statement stating a general truth. This article presents twenty aphorisms about suicide. One example: "There are many pointless deaths, but never a needless suicide." What is implied is that every suicide is an effort to redress certain unfulfilled, thwarted or frustrated psychological needs. (These include the needs for affiliation, avoidance of pain, succorance--among some twenty psychological needs that have been identified.) The psychotherapeutic implication of this particular aphorism is fairly obvious: Reduce the sense of frustration or effect some satisfaction of the frustrated needs of the suicidal individual and the elevated level of perturbation will be mollified sufficiently so as to drop below the lethal threshold of suicidal action. For the twenty aphorisms about suicide, some implications for response and the management of suicidal persons are suggested in order to prevent suicide. In addition a few general suggestions are offered for the management of suicidal persons.
格言是陈述普遍真理的简洁短句。本文呈现了二十条关于自杀的格言。例如：“有许多无意义的死亡，但绝没有不必要的自杀。” 其隐含的意思是，每一次自杀都是为了纠正某些未得到满足、受到阻碍或受挫的心理需求。（这些需求包括归属感、避免痛苦、获得帮助等 —— 在已确定的约二十种心理需求之中。）这条特定格言的心理治疗意义相当明显：减少自杀个体的挫败感，或使受挫需求得到某种程度的满足，那么其高度的不安就会得到充分缓解，从而降至自杀行为的致死阈值以下。针对这二十条关于自杀的格言，为预防自杀，提出了一些应对及管理自杀者的建议。此外，还为自杀者的管理提供了一些一般性建议。
