Harderian gland: regulation of sexual "type" by gonads and pineal gland.

The sexual dimorphism of the Harderian glands of golden hamsters is regulated by a complex interaction of the gonads and pineal gland. Ovariectomy was shown to prevent the conversion to male-type gland which normally follows blinding. Testosterone administration in combination with blinding and ovariectomy promoted the male type. Ovariectomy after 8 wk of blinding was ineffective in reversing the effects of blinding on the Harderian glands, but ovariectomy and pinealectomy caused complete reconversion to the female type. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate an influence of the ovaries on the Harderian gland of the hamster. In males, administration of testosterone for 7 days after 8 wk of castration was shown to have little effect on the conversion to the female type which normally attends castration, whereas testosterone injection followed by a period of blinding completely reversed the effects of castration on the Harderian gland. These studies, along with previously published reports, strongly suggest that the male-type Harderian gland is expressed whenever significant androgen levels are present, or when the glands are exposed to androgen priming during or just prior to a period of blinding-induced pineal activation. The probable role of ovarian androgens in mediating conversion to the male-type gland is discussed.